{"id":9102,"date":"2023-07-14T09:06:29","date_gmt":"2023-07-14T09:06:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/?p=9102"},"modified":"2024-03-20T08:20:33","modified_gmt":"2024-03-20T08:20:33","slug":"kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ec7 sinh k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<label class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor: pointer\">T&oacute;m t\u1eaft n\u1ed9i dung<\/label>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2\/#Gioi_thieu\" title=\"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2\/#Bui_ban_va_Manh_vun\" title=\"B\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n\">B\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2\/#Be_mat_quang_hoc\" title=\"B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc\">B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2\/#Quy_trinh_san_xuat_va_lam_sach\" title=\"Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch\">Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2\/#Chuan_bi_tam_bong\" title=\"Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u0103m b\u00f4ng\">Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u0103m b\u00f4ng<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2\/#Quy_trinh_lam_sach\" title=\"Quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch\">Quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2\/#Nhung_can_nhac_de_lam_sach_quang_hoc_kinh_hien_vi\" title=\"Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch quang h\u1ecdc k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi\">Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch quang h\u1ecdc k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so-2\/#Ket_luan\" title=\"K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gioi_thieu\"><\/span><strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 kinh ph\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> mang l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao.\u00a0Khi <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n, x\u01a1 v\u1ea3i&#8230; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t quang h\u1ecdc. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/microscopecarefigure1.jpg\" alt=\"K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi\" width=\"335\" height=\"316\" \/><\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n m\u1edbi.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn trong th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u00e0n tay, l\u00f4ng mi v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u01a1i \u1ea9m t\u1eeb h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb theo th\u1eddi gian. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ee5i nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 l\u1edbp k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ea3 hai b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e1n lam<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lam k\u00ednh<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a quang h\u1ecdc b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 quang<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb k\u00ednh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1edbi<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 m\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ee7y tinh kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e8n halogen, \u0111\u00e8n ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ed3 quang cao \u00e1p, b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc hu\u1ef3nh quang v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u00e1ch ch\u00f9m tia, th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh thu ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quang h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh li\u00ean h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb b\u1ea9n, h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1eabu v\u1eadt (xem <em>H\u00ecnh 2<\/em>). Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quang h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh thu v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u00e0ng cao, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec5u quang h\u1ecdc. <b>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh xem c\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4 n\u00e0o, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh l\u00f5m ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf th\u00ec nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0m b\u1ea9n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng cao. Th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i sau khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ng\u00e2m m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c pha tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ecb m\u1edd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea7u ngay sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd khi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/microscopecarefigure2.jpg\" \/><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh do t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 quang h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1ecf m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gh\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (<b>CCD<\/b>) ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn oxit kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed5 sung (<b>CMOS<\/b>). Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1m \u0111en ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1eadt l\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng m\u1eabu v\u1eadt, th\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t tr\u00ean c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan.\u00a0M\u00e1y \u1ea3nh lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n theo khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bui_ban_va_Manh_vun\"><\/span><strong>B\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 M\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng so s\u00e1nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eafc n\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n hay kh\u00f4ng. <b>N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eafc n\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch<\/b>.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Xoay c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m tra ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 lam k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n m\u1eabu trong khi t\u1eadp trung ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n trong khi di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3 l\u00ean v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xoay nh\u1eb9 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"contentulbox\">\n<p><b>B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh khi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quang h\u1ecdc di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u00e1m b\u1ee5i theo chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y.<\/b>\u00a0Ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 duy nh\u1ea5t cho quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh.\u00a0B\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 quang h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh) khi m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh di chuy\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m tra di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh l\u00fap (c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 3x \u0111\u1ebfn 6x) ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecb k\u00ednh nh\u00ecn qua kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn qua \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb k\u00ednh ). D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh b\u1ecb b\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u qua kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00eda sau c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh. Th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u00f3ng to c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m\u00a0\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/microscopecarefigure3.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u1ee5i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1ee5i th\u1ee7y tinh t\u1eeb phi\u1ebfn k\u00ednh, s\u1ee3i t\u1eeb qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, ph\u1ea5n hoa t\u1eeb hoa n\u1edf) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c (m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00f9i m\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e2m (xem H\u00ecnh 3), dung d\u1ecbch nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y, c\u1eb7n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1). C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i d\u00ednh \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1.\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean,\u00a0<b>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ecb m\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n<\/b>.\u00a0S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ecb m\u1edd (quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u).\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 cao th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh, cho ph\u00e9p b\u00f9 quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u.\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh cao c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y 170 micromet, n\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed.\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00edch t\u1ee5, th\u00ec t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c mao d\u1eabn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea7u di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf tr\u1ea1m bi\u1ebfn \u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o v\u1eadt k\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c quang h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a amin th\u01a1m, anisole, l\u00e0m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eafc n\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n.\u00a0Anisole c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng xi m\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u0169 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Be_mat_quang_hoc\"><\/span><strong>B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00f5m ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed3i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 quang ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecb k\u00ednh) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng-song song ho\u1eb7c ph\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 quang , b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tho\u00e1t ra. C\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00f5m ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea1c polyester m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo.\u00a0C\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng kh\u0103n lau cellulose m\u1ec1m d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> quang h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ee7y tinh quang h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea1ch anh ho\u1eb7c polyme.\u00a0B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng, do \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u00a0N\u00f3i chung, l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 bao g\u1ed3m magie florua v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a amoniac v\u00e0 axit.\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c dung m\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 m\u00e0u \u0111en, nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1. <span style=\"color: #333333;\">T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 cao su c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb k\u00ednh c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1, bao g\u1ed3m axeton, methylene chloride v\u00e0 chloroform.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/microscopecarefigure4.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u dung m\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a tan ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u1ee5m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean quang h\u1ecdc).\u00a0Trong c\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> c\u0169 h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng cement\u00a0h\u00f2a tan trong c\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 balsam Canada. Benzen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai gi\u00e2y, do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a tan cao trong benzen c\u1ee7a balsam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cement kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh (v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eafn lam k\u00ednh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, benzen d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 qua da,\u00a0(\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c h\u00edt ph\u1ea3i h\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng gan) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1ef1a polyacrylic t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, kh\u00f4ng tan trong c\u1ed3n.\u00a0Xylene \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i, g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi da, xylene v\u1eabn \u00edt h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n benzen. C\u1ea3 hai dung m\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m dung m\u00f4i l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<p>Dung m\u00f4i <b>Histolene<\/b>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0<b>Histoclear <\/b>\u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf cho xylene trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c.\u00a0Minh h\u1ecda trong <em>H\u00ecnh 4<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>. N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t tinh khi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu dung d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt. \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda k\u00ednh gia d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a amoniac lo\u00e3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>, bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc hu\u1ef3nh quang, m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5, th\u1ecb k\u00ednh th\u1ecb k\u00ednh, m\u00e0u th\u1ee7y tinh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 che b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ed7 h\u1edf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tho\u00e1t ra.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quy_trinh_san_xuat_va_lam_sach\"><\/span><strong>Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t.\u00a0C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Que g\u1ed7 d\u00e0i, m\u1ecfng, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng tre (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c) ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 d\u1ebbo<\/li>\n<li>B\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft cao<\/li>\n<li>T\u0103m b\u00f4ng polyester th\u1ea5m n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quang h\u1ecdc<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y cellulose \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc (Kimwipes ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 lau \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh, kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc)<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e1y th\u1ed5i b\u1ee5i (ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c)<\/li>\n<li>N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<li>Dung d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 10 gi\u1ecdt ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng r\u1eeda trong 10 ml n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<li>Dung m\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Dung d\u1ecbch l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch quang h\u1ecdc L (c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m 85% ete d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf, 15% isopropanol), ete d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa tinh khi\u1ebft (tinh khi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1edbi 44 \u0111\u1ed9 C) ho\u1eb7c, d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch lam k\u00ednh, acetone tinh khi\u1ebft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m che ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m, kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y m\u1ec1m ng\u00e2m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda ch\u00e9n pha lo\u00e3ng l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Gi\u1ea5y th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh m\u1ecbn (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y\u00a0<b>Joseph<\/b>\u00a0), th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quang h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00e1m b\u1ee5i.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, gi\u1ea5y th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng;\u00a0n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u0103m b\u00f4ng, kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y lau th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea1c polyester.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chuan_bi_tam_bong\"><\/span><b>Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u0103m b\u00f4ng<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>T\u0103m b\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u00f4ng g\u00f2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n \u1edf c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u thu\u1ed1c \u1edf d\u1ea1ng cu\u1ed9n, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ee3i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ecfng manh nh\u01b0 b\u00f4ng g\u00f2n 100%.<\/p>\n<div class=\"contentulbox\">\n<ul>\n<li>R\u1eeda tay (kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi g\u0103ng tay cao su, b\u1ed9t).<\/li>\n<li>Nh\u00fang que v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch (dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1).\u00a0K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o que t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li>Nh\u00fang que ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00ean mi\u1ebfng b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ee3i. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00e9n b\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00e1ch ra.<\/li>\n<li>Xoay que tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<li>B\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n que trong t\u00fai nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n. D\u00f9ng ng\u00f3n tay s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00f4ng ra sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n lau v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u00f4ng m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<li>Que c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c que ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho dung d\u1ecbch g\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y lau \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng b\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft cao, h\u00e3y g\u1ea5p t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y quanh que \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn. <b>Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. <\/b>C\u00e1c mi\u1ebfng g\u1ea1c polyester c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ea1ch n\u1eefa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quy_trinh_lam_sach\"><\/span><b>Quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"contentulbox\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u1eb7t v\u1eadt k\u00ednh, th\u1ecb k\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ee5i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t n\u00e0o, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh m\u00e0i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.\u00a0Th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 2x \u0111\u1ebfn 3x (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 k\u00ednh l\u00fap) th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh quang h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft k\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 quang, trong khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 5x \u0111\u1ebfn 10x \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1ecd x\u00e1t tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quang h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li>Th\u1ed5i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i r\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng kh\u0103n lau kh\u00ed n\u00e9n, m\u00e1y th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i l\u00f4ng s\u1ea1ch. <b>Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed5i b\u1ee5i ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i m\u1ea1nh<\/b>\u00a0v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ed5i nh\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed qua (kh\u00f4ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi) b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh.\u00a0Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ed5i b\u1ee5i b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00f3ng cao su. C\u1ea7n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ed1ng ti\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh.\u00a0<b>L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00ecnh kh\u00ed n\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh.\u00a0<\/b>Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n<li>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t.\u00a0N\u1ebfu b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, h\u00e3y l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 pha lo\u00e3ng.\u00a0Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1eb7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng t\u0103m b\u00f4ng kh\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng \u1ea9m. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb gi\u1ea5y lau th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u1ea5p c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa c\u1ee7a kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y ph\u1ed3ng ra.\u00a0C\u00e1c g\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xo\u1eafn l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t que \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u00f4. Khi m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef th\u00ec khi lau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4 s\u1ebd c\u0103ng ra, l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean v\u1eadt k\u00ednh b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u1ebft b\u1ea9n nh\u1eddn, ban \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eb7t pha lo\u00e3ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 quan, h\u00e3y l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i (Dung d\u1ecbch l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch quang h\u1ecdc L ho\u1eb7c \u00eate d\u1ea7u h\u1ecfa).\u00a0Ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n nh\u1eddn ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i.\u00a0Nh\u00fang t\u0103m b\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c polyester v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba trong t\u0103m b\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3y qua v\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng l\u1edbp cement c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf cement gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Dung m\u00f4i n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i trong t\u0103m b\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh dung m\u00f4i (-10 \u0111\u1ed9 C \u0111\u1ebfn -20 \u0111\u1ed9 C).\u00a0Dung m\u00f4i l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i.\u00a0Do nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p,\u00a0ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u1eb7n.\u00a0M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi gian l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a dung m\u00f4i l\u00e0 th\u00eam isopropanol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0nh<\/b>\u00a0(xem <em>H\u00ecnh 5<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m v\u1ebft b\u1ea9n lan r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. <b>Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n tay l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh th\u1ee7y tinh<\/b>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0o tr\u00ean kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y.\u00a0V\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf v\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0nh.\u00a0Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, n\u00ean lau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/microscopecarefigure5.jpg\" width=\"435\" height=\"364\" border=\"0\" \/>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>.\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i (chloroform v\u00e0 acetone) ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (carbon tetrachloride), trong khi nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u1eb7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (xylene, toluene v\u00e0 diethylether).\u00a0C\u1eb7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xylen v\u00e0 etanol tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0Acetone \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng khi d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi lam k\u00ednh. Acetone t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cao su, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch th\u1ecb k\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, acetone c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh, \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh b\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecb k\u00ednh khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\u00a0Acetone c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u01a1n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01a1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ec1n.\u00a0Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng v\u1ea3i s\u1ee3i nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1ea9m r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9.\u00a0B\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i l\u00f4ng m\u1ec1m chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng. Sau khi l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn lau s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng tr\u00e0n ra xung quanh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y h\u00fat b\u1ee5i nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 \u1ed1ng m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c b\u00e0n xung quanh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. C\u1ea7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n ch\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u00e2y trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea7u kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng.\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tr\u01a1 \u200b\u200b\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> quang h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, d\u1ea7u s\u1ebd th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e1nh r\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ebd h\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tra d\u1ea7u k\u00e9p, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ecf l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean lam k\u00ednh. <b>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt d\u1ea7u duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i giao di\u1ec7n quang-m\u1eabu v\u1eadt <\/b>\u0111\u1ec3\u00a0kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00e1o r\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y.\u00a0Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ee5 quang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean sao cho gi\u1ecdt d\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh, v\u00e0 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdt d\u1ea7u tr\u00ean lam k\u00ednh. C\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng <em>k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u00e2m trong d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/em>Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0o trong v\u00e0nh th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eebng m\u1eabu, d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi s\u1ebd quan s\u00e1t th\u00eam c\u00e1c ti\u00eau b\u1ea3n.\u00a0D\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u0103n lau th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 dung m\u00f4i n\u00e0o.\u00a0Ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea5y lau \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n k\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. M\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng nh\u1eb9 b\u1eb1ng hai tay) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o ngang qua th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5m d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y m\u1edbi.\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c lau nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1ec7t d\u1ea7u tr\u00ean kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y.\u00a0<b>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y th\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao cho quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y<\/b>. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng sai, khi xem x\u00e9t chi ph\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh so v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/microscopecarefigure6.jpg\" width=\"424\" height=\"247\" border=\"0\" \/>Khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-category\/kinh-hien-vi\/kinh-hien-vi-soi-nguoc\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi soi ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/a> (nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y m\u00f4), th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt k\u00ednh s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ee5i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 10x \u0111\u1ebfn 100x c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-category\/kinh-hien-vi\/kinh-hien-vi-soi-nguoc\/\">K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi soi ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/a> \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m d\u1ea7u v\u00ec d\u1ea7u tr\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong v\u1eadt k\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh l\u1ed3ng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1eafn l\u00f2 xo.\u00a0N\u1ebfu d\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u00edch t\u1ee5, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o turret ho\u1eb7c nosepiece.<\/p>\n<p>Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t t\u1edd kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 lau th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i \u1ea9m. Quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 m\u1edbi. Sau khi l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch quang h\u1ecdc, n\u00ean l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh m\u1eabu b\u1eb1ng kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m.\u00a0T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nhung_can_nhac_de_lam_sach_quang_hoc_kinh_hien_vi\"><\/span><b>Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch quang h\u1ecdc <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"contentulbox\">\n<ul>\n<li>Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y th\u1ed5i b\u1ee5i tr\u1eeb khi ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m).<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd lau \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1c kh\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c kh\u0103n gi\u1ea5y v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc!<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u00e0i m\u00f2n nh\u01b0 kh\u0103n lau da, v\u1ea3i lanh kh\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c que polystyrene theo khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 dung m\u00f4i n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t (m\u1ed9t m\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00edt th\u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t), tr\u1eeb khi c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1ea7u m\u1ee1.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ethanol ho\u1eb7c acetone \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> c\u0169.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 mi\u1ebfng g\u1ea1c b\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o thay cho mi\u1ebfng g\u1ea1c b\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c polyester \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng mi\u1ebfng g\u1ea1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thanh kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng thay cho thanh g\u1ed7 (tre), v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00ecnh x\u1ecbt quang h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh x\u1ecbt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eb7n nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng axit ho\u1eb7c amoniac \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc b\u00ean trong, m\u00e1y \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ee5i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>L\u1ed7 \u1ed1ng nh\u00f2m ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb k\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng n\u1eafp che b\u1ee5i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1eafp che b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, gi\u1ea5y nh\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00edch t\u1ee5 b\u1ee5i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y che <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> b\u1eb1ng hai b\u1ecdc nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m che b\u1ee5i do nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cung c\u1ea5p. <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi h\u01a1i axit ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec1m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt.<\/p>\n<p>\u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb n\u1ea5m t\u00edch t\u1ee5.\u00a0M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100.000 lo\u00e0i n\u1ea5m, nh\u01b0ng hai lo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c chi\u00a0<i>Aspergillus<\/i>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh.\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m cao, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m kh\u00e1c.\u00a0C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m n\u1ea5m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m trong ph\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e8n h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i ph\u00eda tr\u00ean <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> (\u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 150 cm ho\u1eb7c 5 feet).\u00a0N\u1ea5m m\u1ecdc tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lau s\u1ea1ch, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c v\u1ebft \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i thay th\u1ebf th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh. <strong>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/strong><b><strong>\u00a0hi<\/strong>\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u1ea5m g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quang h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ket_luan\"><\/span><b>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Ph\u00f2ng <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m do b\u1ee5i, h\u01a1i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ly thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u1ecfi rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.\u00a0T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch che ph\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ph\u1ee7 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1eadu m\u00e3i cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i n\u1eafp che b\u1ee5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.\u00a0Trong s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ecf nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n,\u00a0nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo h\u01a1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00edt b\u1ecb b\u1ee5i h\u00fat h\u01a1n.\u00a0V\u1ecf v\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u01a1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p l\u1edbp ch\u1eafn b\u1ee5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> c\u1ea5p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f4 la, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 quang h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>.\u00a0Ch\u1ec9 khi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u00ec thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.\u00a0K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: <a href=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/care.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/care.html<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 kinh ph\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi mang l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao.\u00a0Khi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ee5i b\u1ea9n,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9102"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9102"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11898,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9102\/revisions\/11898"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}