{"id":9049,"date":"2023-07-17T09:26:19","date_gmt":"2023-07-17T09:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/?p=9049"},"modified":"2024-03-20T08:20:24","modified_gmt":"2024-03-20T08:20:24","slug":"vat-kinh-cua-kinh-hien-vi-kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/vat-kinh-cua-kinh-hien-vi-kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi &#8211; K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<label class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor: pointer\">T&oacute;m t\u1eaft n\u1ed9i dung<\/label>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #0a0a0a;color:#0a0a0a\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/vat-kinh-cua-kinh-hien-vi-kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so\/#Gioi_thieu\" title=\"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u\">Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/vat-kinh-cua-kinh-hien-vi-kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so\/#Do_phan_giai_duoc_xac_dinh_boi_vat_kinh\" title=\"\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi v\u1eadt k\u00ednh\u00a0\">\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi v\u1eadt k\u00ednh\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/vat-kinh-cua-kinh-hien-vi-kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so\/#Cac_yeu_to_dieu_chinh_khach_quan\" title=\"C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1ch quan\">C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1ch quan<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/vat-kinh-cua-kinh-hien-vi-kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so\/#Thong_so_ky_thuat_cua_lam_kinh\" title=\"Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh\">Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/vat-kinh-cua-kinh-hien-vi-kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so\/#Thong_so_ky_thuat_vat_kinh\" title=\"Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadt k\u00ednh\">Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadt k\u00ednh<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/vat-kinh-cua-kinh-hien-vi-kinh-hien-vi-trong-giao-duc-voi-hinh-anh-ky-thuat-so\/#Lop_phu_chong_phan_xa\" title=\"L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1\">L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gioi_thieu\"><\/span><strong>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> hu\u1ef3nh quang l\u00e0 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1eabu v\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trung gian m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb k\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao hay th\u1ea5p c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>. V\u1eadt k\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> hu\u1ef3nh quang v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i khi truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb m\u1eabu v\u1eadt sang m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/objectivesfigure1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"622\" height=\"327\" \/><\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> l\u1edbn cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh quang h\u1ecdc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c nhau cho quang sai ch\u00ednh.\u00a0V\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda trong <strong>H\u00ecnh 1<\/strong> (<em>20x multi-immersion media plan-apochromat<\/em>), ch\u1ee9a 9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh 2 nh\u00f3m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh k\u00e9p, 1 nh\u00f3m b\u1ed9 ba th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u00e0 2 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n. V\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh m\u1eb7t khum th\u1ee9 hai, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thu c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng \u1edf kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 cao v\u1edbi quang sai m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m <em>nosecone<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2 xo \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i do va ch\u1ea1m.\u00a0C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng quang h\u1ecdc, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ho\u1eb7c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh.\u00a0V\u1eadt k\u00ednh trong <strong>H\u00ecnh 1<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, glycerin ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u g\u1ed1c hydrocacbon chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n<p>Trong 100 n\u0103m qua, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ssss\u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh th\u1ee7y tinh b\u00ean trong, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao khi xem x\u00e9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Computer-Aided-Design (\u00a0<b>CAD<\/b>) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ee7y tinh nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cao. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c quang h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 h\u00f4n m\u00ea, lo\u1ea1n th\u1ecb, bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed9 cong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh, c\u1ea7u sai v\u00e0 s\u1eafc sai. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quang sai h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00f3a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, mang l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1eafc n\u00e9t v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Do_phan_giai_duoc_xac_dinh_boi_vat_kinh\"><\/span><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi v\u1eadt k\u00ednh\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>: B\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng m\u1eabu v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> hu\u1ef3nh quang h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1eabu c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u nhau:<\/p>\n<p class=\"formula\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i = \u03bb\/2n(sin(\u03b8))\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"formulanumber\">(1)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3\u00a0<b>\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i<\/b>\u00a0l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng,\u00a0<b>\u03bb<\/b>\u00a0l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng,\u00a0<b>n<\/b>\u00a0l\u00e0 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0\u00a0<b>\u03b8 <\/b>b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng.\u00a0M\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng t\u1eeb 400 \u0111\u1ebfn 700 nanomet, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho quang ph\u1ed5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh.\u00a0V\u1eadt k\u00ednh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh m\u1eabu v\u1eadt qua kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 cao h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt.\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n m\u1eabu v\u1eadt m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac quang h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 1,5 khi d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf cho kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n<p>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00f3c, c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 72 \u0111\u1ed9 (v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb sin l\u00e0 0,95).\u00a0Khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m:<\/p>\n<p class=\"formula\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>n(sin(\u03b8))\u00a0<\/strong><span class=\"formulanumber\">(2)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 (\u00a0<b>NA<\/b>) v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t khi c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt k\u00ednh. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0,025 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (1x \u0111\u1ebfn 4x) \u0111\u1ebfn 1,6 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. Khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i t\u0103ng l\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng to \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 xem m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu v\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> n\u00ean c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ch\u1ecdn kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i cao h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch n\u00e0o (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i chi ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n) v\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p.\u00a0V\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1eefu \u00edch khi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ecb <strong>m\u1ea5t\u00a0\u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong>, trong \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 quang, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh do v\u1eadt k\u00ednh t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00ean.\u00a0B\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9\/\u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n qua.\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 cao thu nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/objectivesfigure2.jpg\" alt=\"quang sai v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi\" width=\"500\" height=\"263\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Khi v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p, quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt ch\u00e8n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp gi\u1eefa th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t khum (gi\u00e1 treo th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n). V\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee5m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh l\u00ean ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ed1ng trong \u1ed1ng b\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111ai \u1ed1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m trong khi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i cho nhau. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh <em>coma<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng ba v\u00edt \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong so v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cac_yeu_to_dieu_chinh_khach_quan\"><\/span><strong>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1ch quan<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ti\u00eau s\u1eafc. Nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai m\u00e0u d\u1ecdc tr\u1ee5c \u1edf b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng xanh lam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 486 v\u00e0 656 nanomet. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m chung duy nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ti\u00eau s\u1eafc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c (546 nanomet; xem B\u1ea3ng 1). Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>achromat (ti\u00eau s\u1eafc)<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 qu\u1ea7ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i n\u1ebfu ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn trong v\u00f9ng m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a quang ph\u1ed5. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng) \u1ea3nh g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. <em>Plan achromats<\/em> cung c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1eb3ng cho c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>achromat<\/em> (<strong>H\u00ecnh 2<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh hu\u1ef3nh quang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ee7y tinh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 <em>fluorite<\/em>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 <em>achromat<\/em>, v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>fluorite<\/em>\u00a0c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 xanh lam, tuy nhi\u00ean,<em> fluorite<\/em>\u00a0c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh hai ho\u1eb7c ba m\u00e0u thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t m\u00e0u, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 <em>achromat<\/em> . So v\u1edbi <em>achromat<\/em>, v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>fluorite<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n. V\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>fluorite<\/em>\u00a0c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ti\u00eau s\u1eafc v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n cao h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n cho k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n vi m\u00e0u trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\n<p>Lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt k\u00ednh th\u1ee9 ba, v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>achromat<\/em>, c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t (<strong>H\u00ecnh 2<\/strong>). C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh<em> apochromat<\/em> c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (5x, 10x v\u00e0 20x) c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0i h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>apochromat<\/em> c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n (40x v\u00e0 100x). <em>Apochromats<\/em> h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf quang sai m\u00e0u, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9 cho ba m\u00e0u (\u0111\u1ecf, l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 lam) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u cho hai ho\u1eb7c ba b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng (xem B\u1ea3ng 1). V\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>achromat<\/em> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n vi m\u00e0u trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng. Do m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>apochromat<\/em> th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>achromat<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>fluorite<\/em>. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>fluorite<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0 <em>apochromat<\/em> hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao m\u1edbi h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n (xanh \u0111\u1eadm, xanh d\u01b0\u01a1ng, xanh l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf) ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u h\u01a1n theo s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u00e0u theo h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 196px;\" width=\"543\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"120\"><strong>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"131\"><strong>Quang sai m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"115\"><strong>Quang sai m\u00e0u<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"140\"><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 cong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Achromat<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>2 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plan Achromat<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">1 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>2 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fluorite<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\">2-3 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>2-3 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>Kh\u00f4ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plan Fluorite<\/td>\n<td>3-4 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>2-4 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plan Apochromat<\/td>\n<td>3-4 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>4-5 m\u00e0u<\/td>\n<td>C\u00f3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>B\u1ea3ng 1: Hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb cong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh cong h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1eb3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng cao h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1eb3ng, mang l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m chung trong to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng xem. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e9o th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>plan achromats, plan fluorite<\/em> ho\u1eb7c <em>plan apochromats<\/em>, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quang sai d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n vi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n<p>Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, \u0111\u1ed9 cong tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 quang sai nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>fluorite<\/em> (<em>semi-apochromat<\/em>) v\u00e0 <em>apochromat. <\/em>S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1eb3ng (<em>plan<\/em>) cho c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang cho <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> hu\u1ef3nh quang v\u00e0 video, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung v\u00e0 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. <strong>H\u00ecnh 3<\/strong> minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 cong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi <em>achromat<\/em> \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n) th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u00e0o v\u1eadt k\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>fluorite<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>apochromat<\/em>, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n (xem H\u00ecnh 1) trong \u1ed1ng b\u1ecdc v\u1eadt k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u0169 h\u01a1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch m\u00e0u, quang sai c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecb k\u00ednh b\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.\u00a0Lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.\u00a0G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (Olympus v\u00e0 Nikon) ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh trong \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng (Leica v\u00e0 Zeiss). H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trung gian trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u1edf v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ph\u00eda sau th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn quang h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 tham chi\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 160 \u0111\u1ebfn 250 mm, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 tham chi\u1ebfu cho \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh \u1edf v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paratitle\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thong_so_ky_thuat_cua_lam_kinh\"><\/span><strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea1ch h\u1ecdc, khi g\u1eafn m\u1eabu v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t lam k\u00ednh th\u1ee7y tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu v\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00fap quan s\u00e1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Lam k\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m trong m\u1eabu v\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra quang sai m\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt k\u00ednh. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1, \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m n\u1eefa l\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa m\u1eabu v\u1eadt v\u00e0 lam k\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb d\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbt ho\u1eb7c d\u00e0y, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh gi\u1eefa th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 lam k\u00ednh che m\u1eabu v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 <em>coma<\/em> trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh cho v\u1eadt k\u00ednh. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh gi\u1eefa th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 lam k\u00ednh. Kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0 1,0, tuy nhi\u00ean trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4 v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean 0,95. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y lam k\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 0,4, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,65, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf t\u1edbi 0,01 milim\u00e9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra quang sai m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y lam k\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4 <em>apochromat<\/em> hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec7m xoay, l\u00e0m cho hai trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh trong v\u1eadt k\u00ednh di chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n nhau h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c xa h\u01a1n (xem H\u00ecnh 4).\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n pha chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y m\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00f9 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 milim\u00e9t.\u00a0B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn xuy\u00ean qua \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y, \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/objectivesfigure3.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"360\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>1\u00bd <\/b>lam k\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y 0,17 mm v\u00e0 h\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 <b>1\u00bd<\/b> lam k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y (ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0,16 \u0111\u1ebfn 0,19 mm) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu v\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ch\u00e8n gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u00e0 lam k\u00ednh. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u00f9 cho \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh. Kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u1ebfu v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e2m nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u, glycerin ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 1,51 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lam k\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00fang c\u00f3 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebft su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh th\u1ee7y tinh tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh, theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c tia c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 xi\u00ean r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb v\u1eadt k\u00ednh t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. C\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng \u0111i qua m\u1eabu v\u1eadt g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa lam k\u00ednh v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 khi ch\u00fang \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi ch\u00fang r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu m\u1eabu v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m aplanatic c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<p>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m d\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh m\u1eb7t khum d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh k\u00e9p.\u00a0Kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 Aplanatic x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m d\u1ea7u apochromatic \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.\u00a0C\u00e1c th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m trong d\u1ea7u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i m\u00e0u do hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.\u00a0S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa n\u1eafp tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i do kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ti\u1ebfp theo trong v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cung c\u1ea5p <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> c\u00f3 dung sai h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa lam k\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadt k\u00ednh. Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u do nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c glycerin l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e2m trong dung d\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i sinh l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Thong_so_ky_thuat_vat_kinh\"><\/span><strong>Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadt k\u00ednh<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o v\u1eadt k\u00ednh, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed7i v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i; chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng m\u00e0 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a lam k\u00ednh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt, m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. V\u1eadt k\u00ednh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc <b>D\u1ea6U<\/b>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c\u00a0<b>OEL<\/b>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c\u00a0<b>HI <\/b>n\u1ebfu v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea7u ng\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh cao h\u01a1n, th\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh <em>achromatic<\/em> (c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef nh\u01b0 apochromat ho\u1eb7c apo, plan, FL, fluor, v.v.).<\/p>\n<p>Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt k\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng sinh h\u1ecdc.\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 45,0 mm v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5i cho nhau.\u00a0Khi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang sai trong v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh.\u00a0B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao h\u01a1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau hi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/images\/objectivesfigure4.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"302\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lam k\u00ednh, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o t\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh ng\u00e2m n\u00ean c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00f4ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ng\u00e2m gi\u1eefa th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 n\u00fat ch\u1eb7n b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2 xo cho ph\u00e9p r\u00fat c\u1ee5m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u00e2n v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1eb7n n\u00fat ch\u1eb7n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng (xem b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi), kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ee7 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lop_phu_chong_phan_xa\"><\/span><strong>L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt k\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3m ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft x\u1ea3y ra khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh. M\u1ed7i giao di\u1ec7n air-glass kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m ch\u00f9m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1edbi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n qua l\u00e0 95-96 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u1edf t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 d\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb ba \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. L\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 99,9 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong d\u1ea3i quang ph\u1ed5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bl\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0i h\u00f2a n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do x\u1eed l\u00fd sai, n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111a l\u1edbp c\u00f3 t\u00f4ng m\u00e0u h\u01a1i xanh l\u1ee5c, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u00f4ng m\u00e0u t\u00eda c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u1edbp b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn khi l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp phim m\u1ecfng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o r\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n<p>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb t\u00e2m th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng song song tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh.\u00a0M\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u1ea3o vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh.\u00a0C\u00f3 hai ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1edf ph\u00eda sau, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i b\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh.\u00a0Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda sau v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 ph\u00eda sau.\u00a0V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda sau thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 b\u00ean trong th\u00f9ng v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i cao.\u00a0C\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00eda sau n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, trong khu v\u1ef1c ren ho\u1eb7c trong \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00eda sau ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eed tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c tia s\u00e1ng khi ch\u00fang \u0111i qua v\u1eadt k\u00ednh.\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong kho\u1ea3ng 12 mm \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng 5 mm \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng m\u1edd c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng epi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 quang, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eed tho\u00e1t c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0o.\u00a0H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00eda sau c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan s\u00e1t.\u00a0N\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00ecn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1edd do chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00eda sau, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a <a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quang sai c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed v\u1eadt k\u00ednh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n vi h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quang sai m\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1eb3ng, b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng truy\u1ec1n, ph\u00e1t quang, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng chi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ed5 sung g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec5u n\u1ec1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e2m v\u00e0 lam k\u00ednh, ph\u1ea1m vi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1eddng, lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecb k\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p><em>Ngu\u1ed3n: <a href=\"https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/objectives.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/zeiss-campus.magnet.fsu.edu\/articles\/basics\/objectives.html<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"content\">\n<p><strong>C\u00f4ng ty Minh Khang l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec1n Nam ph\u00e2n kh\u00fac\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-category\/kinh-hien-vi\/\">k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi<\/a>\u00a0h\u00e3ng\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vospan.com\/product-brands\/zeiss-vi\/\">Carl ZEISS.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi hu\u1ef3nh quang l\u00e0 v\u1eadt k\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1eabu v\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trung gian m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":9055,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9049","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9049"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9049"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9049\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11899,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9049\/revisions\/11899"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9055"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9049"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9049"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vospan.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9049"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}